Radar receiving device and radar including such a device

ABSTRACT

Radar apparatus for processing a received signal having a carrier frequency f 0  includes means for directing the received signal in parallel into first and second channels. A first filter in the first channel bandpass filters the received signal and is centered at a frequency f 1  equal to f 0  +Δ 1  f. The first filter provides an output signal having a central frequency f 0  +Δ 1  f/2. A second filter coupled in the second channel bandpass filters the received signal and is centered at f 2  =f 0  +Δ 2  f. The second filter thus provides an output signal having a central frequency f 0  +Δ 2  f/2. A first mixer in the first channel mixes the first filter output with a signal f 1  =f 0  +Δ 1  f/2 to extract the carrier frequency of the first channel. Likewise, a second mixer in the second channel mixes the second filter output signal with a signal f 2  =f 0  +Δ 2  f/2 to also extract the carrier frequency in the second channel. The ouputs of both mixers are then passed to a processing and exploitation device to manipulate the signals to arrive at the appropriate range and/or velocity information.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a radar receiving device and radars including such devices.

Generally on reception and after transposing into intermediate frequency of the received signal, the usual technique used in radar processing is to produce a filter matched to the transmitted waveform. A matched filter maximizes the signal/thermal noise ratio as its transfer function is identical to the conjugate of the complex Fourier transform of the transmitted waveform. The various realizations of matched filters more or less approach the ideal filter and in order to do this they are more or less complex depending on the type of radar.

In the case of non-coherent radars (i.e. radars in which the phase relationships between successive echos in the same train of pulses are not used), a band filter is used matched to the pulse duration of the transmitted signal and centered on the intermediate frequency of the receiver.

In the case of coherent radars, a set of range gates of duration equal to the pulse duration and covering the whole of the range field is used. Each gate is followed by a bank of frequency filters in the specific case of Doppler radars. Processing then consists in comparing the amplitudes of the output signals from the matched filter, possibly after integration of amplitudes corresponding to several filtering cycles, with a threshold in order to decide if there is an alarm, i.e. the assumption of the existence of a target in the quantum considered (range, velocity, range velocity depending on the type of radar), the number of false alarms having to remain very low.

Most modern radars, particularly airborne radars, are ambiguous either in range or in velocity, or in both range and velocity, which is the case in medium repetition frequency (MRF) radars. Ambiguity is removed from the ambiguous parameters by periodic sequential modifications of the transmitted waveform, which is usually obtained by continuous or discontinuous variations in the recurrence frequency or in the transmitted carrier frequency. The period of these sequences must be sufficiently short for there to remain at least one of them during the illumination time of a target. Certain types of undesirable echos or signals, the characteristics of which are very different from useful echos (ground diffused echos, targets at unreasonable range or velocity), are eliminated by specific devices.

In principle the architecture, essentially based on the production of a traditional matched filter, even though optimized for detecting a target in a wide band white noise environment, has disadvantages when the hostile environment is no longer white noise. In fact the filtering loses information implicitly contained in the received signal and the means subsequently used in processing the filtered signal cannot in any way retrieve this information.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The subject of the present invention is a receiving device capable of taking into account the information implicitly contained in the received signal and which would be lost by the traditional matched filtering techniques. Even though, in theory, this device reduces the signal/thermal noise ratio, the degradation on overall performance of the radar is in general zero or low in comparison with a radar fitted with a traditional processing device.

The subject of the present invention is therefore a radar receiving device, mainly characterized in that it includes a number of receiving channels capable of extracting in parallel information in the various sections of the received signal spectrum.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other details and advantages of the invention will appear clearly on reading the following description given with reference to the figures of the appended drawings in which:

FIG. 1 represents the general block diagram of a first embodiment of the device according to the invention;

FIG. 2 represents the general block diagram of a second embodiment of the device according to the invention;

FIG. 3 represents a first diagram of a particular embodiment according to FIG. 2;

FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 represent the spectra of the signals obtained and the transfer functions of the filters for different cases;

FIG. 7 represents a second diagram of a particular embodiment according to FIG. 2;

FIG. 8 represents a general block diagram of an embodiment of the processing circuit 10;

FIG. 9 represents a first particular embodiment of circuit 10;

FIG. 10 represents a second particular embodiment of circuit 10 with a first embodiment of the extractor circuit 22;

FIGS. 11, 12 and 13 represent different embodiments of the extractor circuit 22 relating to the embodiment represented in FIG. 10;

FIG. 14 represents a first embodiment of a measuring circuit according to FIG. 10 enabling the removal of velocity ambiguity;

FIG. 15 represents a second embodiment of a measuring circuit according to FIG. 10 enabling the removal of range ambiguity.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The device according to the invention is intended to process the received signal in a radar for example after transposition of that signal into intermediate frequency.

FIG. 1 represents the general block diagram of a first embodiment of the device according to the invention.

The device includes a number of receiving channels of which only three are shown, 1, 2 and 3. These channels all receive the signal in parallel after frequency transposition and having the frequency f₀ as carrier frequency after transposition. Each of the channels includes a specific filter 4, 5, 6 centered on a frequency f_(a) ; a is an index characterizing the channel number, a=1, 2, . . . A, where A is the number of channels. All the filters have the same passband which is that of the matched filter. Only the central frequency is shifted f'₁ =f₀ +Δ_(1f), f'₂ =f₀ +Δ_(2f) etc . . . Filter 4 is therefore centered on a frequency f'₁ contained within the spectrum of the received signal and its passband is that of the matched filter, i.e. about 1/τ. Filter 5 is centered on a frequency f'₂, filter 6 is centered on a frequency f'₃. These filters are not centered on the carrier frequency of the received signal which is f₀, the transposition frequency or f₀ +f_(d0), f_(d0) being the Doppler frequency corresponding to the central frequency f₀ in the case of detection of a moving target. These filters are centered on a frequency which is within the spectrum of this signal.

The output signals of the filters 4, 5 and 6 have central frequencies of ##EQU1## respectively. These frequencies are therefore the carrier frequencies of the output signals of the filters.

Each channel therefore has a distinct carrier frequency belonging to the received signal spectrum, it is possible for one of these carrier frequencies to be equal to the frequency f₀. The separation between the carrier frequencies and the central frequency f₀ must be in the order of 1/2τ where τ is the duration of a transmitted pulse in order not to degrade the signal to noise ratio too much; values such as 3/4τ or 1/τ are acceptable.

Mixers 7,8,9 respectively receive signals at frequencies f₁, f₂ and f₃ such that ##EQU2## so as to enable these carrier frequencies to be removed from the incoming signal. We therefore obtain at the output of each of the channels 1, 2 and 3 respectively the signals s1, s2 and s3. A processing and exploitation device 10 takes into account the output signals from the various channels in order to carry out the sorting of the required echoes and interference signals of various origins depending on the type of radar used.

In FIG. 2 there is also a representation of a general block diagram of a second embodiment of the receiving device according to the invention.

The device includes in the same way a number of receiving channels (A channels) in parallel of which only three have been represented. These channels receive the signal after frequency transposition and have f₀ as carrier frequency after transposition. The incoming signal on each channel has a frequency equal to f₀ or f₀ +f_(d0) in the case of detection of a moving target.

Each channel includes a mixer, 12, 13 and 14 respectively, carrying out a frequency transposition of value Δ_(a) f, or Δ₁ f for the first channel, Δ₂ f for the second channel and Δ₃ f for the third channel (a representing the index showing the number of the corresponding channel).

Each channel also includes a filter 15, 16 and 17, these filters being mismatched with respect to the incoming signal as they are centered about the frequency f₀, the width of these filters being equal to Δ_(f) equal to 1/τ. The output signals coming from each filter therefore have carrier frequencies equal to ##EQU3## respectively.

Each channel then includes mixers 18, 19 and 20, which respectively receive the output signals of the filters 15, 16 and 17 and signals having as carrier frequencies f₁, f₂ and f₃ such that f₁ is equal to ##EQU4## f₂ is equal to ##EQU5## and f₃ is equal to ##EQU6## These mixers therefore enable the carrier frequencies f₁, f₂ and f₃ to be removed from the signal. The video signals 11, 12 and 13 coming from each of the channels are then processed in the processing circuit 10. This second embodiment has the advantage of being able to use the equipment already existing in radars, namely the central frequency f₀ filters, matched to the receiving intermediate frequency.

FIG. 3 represents a first diagram of a particular embodiment according to the second embodiment represented in FIG. 2.

In this embodiment a number of channels has been chosen equal to two, the translation frequencies of each of these channels being symmetrical about the central frequency f₀ of the filters, i.e. of the carrier frequency of the input signal of the receiving device. The received pulses centered on frequency f₀ are frequency shifted by -Δf in the first channel and by +Δf in the second channel. The signal is then filtered in the filters 15 and 16 which are filters matched to the central frequency f₀, the corresponding output signals are s'1 and s'2. The frequency spectrum of these signals is the product of the spectra of the input signal and the conjugate of the transfer function of the filter. If we initially consider the case of a rectangular pulse with a fixed carrier frequency the spectra s'1 and s'2 are then respectively given by the following expressions: ##EQU7##

In traditional radars in which the frequency shift Δf is zero, we obtain the spectrum G₀ (f) given by the expression: ##EQU8##

The mixers 18 and 19 enable the deletion of frequencies f₁ and f₂, f₁ being equal to ##EQU9## and f₂ being equal to ##EQU10## in order to carry out the subsequent processing.

FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 represent the spectra G₁, G₂ of the output signals of filters 15, 16 and the spectrum of the output signal of a matched filter centered on frequency f₀, G₀. The transfer functions of the filters H₁, H₂ and H₀ respectively have also been represented. In FIG. 4 we have chosen a Δf, i.e. the frequency shift between f₁ and f₂, equal to 1/4τ; in FIG. 5 we have chosen a Δf equal to 1/2τ and in FIG. 6, Δf=3/4τ. It is noted that for the embodiment represented in FIG. 3 in which the frequencies f₁ and f₂ are symmetrical with respect to the central frequency f₀, the functions G₁ and G₂ are respectively symmetrical with respect to ##EQU11## and have their maxima for these values of f: ##EQU12##

We will note that for values of f in the order of magnitude of 1/2τ, the spectra G₁ and G₂ are sufficiently separated and their shape is very close to G₀. Their spectral width is very close to that of G₀, which maintains the range resolution power. Values Δf<<1/2τ are usable, but are of less interest. Values >>1/2τ are also usable, if the signal/thermal noise ratio remains sufficient. Everything therefore happens at the level of each received pulse as if we had two identical radars, strictly synchronous and shifted in frequency by two times Δf/2 equal to Δf; the carrier frequency of the signal s'1 at the output of filter 15 (or the central frequency of the spectrum) being f₁ where ##EQU13## and the carrier frequency of signal s'2 at the output of filter 16 being f₂ where ##EQU14##

FIG. 7 represents a particular embodiment according to FIG. 2 relating to a second type of transmission-reception. This embodiment relates to the case in which trains of coherent pulses with a fixed carrier frequency and with a recurrence frequency of f_(r) are transmitted. As in the case of traditional coherent radars in which the intermediate transposition frequency must be very stable, sufficiently stable transposition frequencies f₁ and f₂ must be chosen. In this embodiment the shift between the two central frequencies f₁ and f₂ is equal to 2Kf_(r), where K is an integer. By means of the first mixer 12 a translation of the frequency of the received signal f₀ by a value Δf equal to -2Kf_(r) is therefore carried out; and in the same way a frequency translation by means of mixer 13 of the frequency of the received signal f₀ by a value equal to Δf=2Kf_(r) is carried out.

Filters 15 and 16 then enable the spectrum to be obtained about the central frequencies f₀ -Kf_(r) and f₀ +Kf_(r). Mixers 18 and 19 then suppress the carrier frequencies or central frequencies f₁, f₂, f₁ being equal to f₀ -Kf_(r) and f₂ being equal to f₀ +Kf_(r). A frequency synthesizer 20 will for example provide the reference frequencies f_(r) ±2KF_(r), f₀ -2Kf_(r) and f₀ +Kf_(r) and preferably also the intermediate frequency f₀ (which represents the constant shift between the transmission frequency and the local ultra high frequency reception oscillator).

Throughout the previous description we have ignored the Doppler effect due to moving targets. In fact we have considered the case of echoes from a fixed target, i.e. echoes for which there is no variation in range, the received signal being the transmitted signal delayed by a value τ₀.

In the case of a moving target the received signal is contaminated by a Doppler frequency f_(d0). If we consider that V_(r) is the radial velocity of the target and f_(e) is the transmission frequency, the reception frequency f'_(e) will be equal to ##EQU15## being in the order of 10⁻⁵ for the fastest usual targets, we will therefore use the approximation f'_(r) =f_(r) ; also, the central frequency f₀ becomes f'₀ =f₀ +f_(d0), both the spectra H₁ and H₂ are therefore shifted by f_(d0) to the right or to the left depending on the sign of V_(r) with respect to the spectrum H₀ and the central frequencies of G₁ and of G₂ are respectively ##EQU16## The amplitudes of G₁ and G₂ become slightly different in this case. By taking values of f_(d0) which do not exceed about 10% of 1/τ, the resultant variations in s1 and s2 differ by less than 5%.

The appearance of Doppler frequencies do not change the principle of the invention in any way, as these frequencies are very low with respect to the carrier frequency; there is approximately the same energy about the transposition frequencies f_(a) and f_(a) +f_(d0).

FIG. 8 represents the general diagram of the embodiment of the processing circuit 10.

This circuit 10 is capable of receiving the video signals coming from each channel 1, 2, . . . A. For purposes of simplification we shall limit ourselves to the case of two channels 1, 2. The video signals s1 and s2 are processed by a Doppler processing circuit 21 which is for example embodied by means of a Fourier transformer. The signals coming from the Doppler processing are processed by an extractor circuit 22 enabling the application of detection decision criteria according to the required use characterizing the type of radar. Circuit 22 includes operators 23 enabling the application of the detection criteria followed by comparator circuits 24 enabling the application of the detection decision criteria. The extractor circuit 22 is followed by a measuring circuit 25 enabling the measurement of the velocity and/or the range of the detected targets. Circuits 21 to 25 enable the exploitation of the data coming from each channel and the association thereof in order to obtain rapid measurement of the parameters (range, velocity) of the targets and/or to carry out the sorting of the required echoes and the interference signals.

FIG. 9 represents a first embodiment of the processing circuit 10. This circuit enables a radar with a low recurrence frequency, and therefore ambiguous in velocity, to measure the radial velocity of target s.

Signals S1 and S2 can be either individually considered pulses or signals coming from Doppler filters corresponding to the coherent integration of trains of pulses. In this embodiment the signals S1 and S2 come from Doppler filters and are obtained by discrete Fourier transform by means of operator 21. This circuit is followed by an extractor circuit 22 which includes the operators 23 and 24.

By means of operator 23 we measure the phase difference between the two channels φ₂ -φ₁, which gives a measurement of the Doppler frequency shift for a coherent radar (from pulse to pulse or between successive filtering cycles). In fact the phases of the signals S1 and S2 are: ##EQU17## f_(e) being the transmitted carrier frequency, φ₀₁ a φ₀₂ being known original phases. The two channels therefore make Doppler frequencies appear corresponding to the transmission frequencies f_(e1) and f_(e2) such that: ##EQU18## the separation between the two Doppler frequencies Δfd being equal to ##EQU19## The operator 24 measures the variation of this phase separation Δφ as a function of time. This measurement is therefore a measurement of the Doppler frequency shift which itself forms a measurement of the radial velocity V_(r) and is carried out by circuit 25. This Doppler frequency shift enables another Doppler frequency to be revealed ##EQU20## where the transmission frequency would be Δf instead of f_(e), which corresponds to two measurements of V_(r) which are very widely non-ambiguous for most of the usual cases.

The ambiguity is removed by comparison of phase variations on the two channels between two times.

In the case of incoherent radars or radars which vary in frequency from pulse to pulse or between successive Doppler filtering cycles, the original phases φ₀₁ and φ₀₂ must be taken into account at each observation.

At a first observation:

    Δφ=2πΔfτ.sub.0 +φ.sub.02 -φ.sub.01

At a second observation:

    Δφ'=2πΔfτ'.sub.0 +φ'.sub.02 -φ'.sub.01

The variation in phase between the two corresponding times is given by the expression:

    δ(Δφ)=2πΔfδτ.sub.0 +δφ.sub.02 -δφ.sub.01

The ambiguity is removed by comparison between the two times of variations in phase on the two channels taking account of (δφ₀₂ -δφ₀₁).

For radars which are ambiguous in range, the removal of ambiguity is carried out by successive observations of the separation Δφ between the two channels after a slight variation in Δf, or δ(Δf). At time t₀, let Δφ=2πΔfτ₀ at time t₀ +Δt_(o),

    Δφ=[2πΔf+δ(Δf)][τ.sub.0 +δτ.sub.0 ] ##EQU21## being very small with respect to unity. ##EQU22## is the variation in the delay τ.sub.0 of the target during the period Δt.sub.0 between two observations. Therefore,

    δ(Δφ)=Δφ'-Δφ=2π[δ(Δf).tau..sub.0 +Δfδτ.sub.0 +δ(Δf)δτ.sub.0 ]

The second term 2πΔfδτ₀ represents the part of the phase shift variation (δ(Δφ) due to the existence of the radial velocity V_(r).

The third term, of second order with respect to the first two is negligible in many practical cases.

We therefore obtain the following expression:

    δ(Δφ)=2π[δ(Δf)τ.sub.0 +Δfδτ.sub.0 ]

When 2πΔfδτ₀ is small with respect to 2πδ(Δf)τ₀, the measurement of δ(Δφ) is an estimate of the measurement of τ₀, and therefore of the target range.

When 2πΔfδτ₀ is not small with respect to 2πδ(Δf)τ₀, it is necessary to measure this value separately.

FIG. 10 represents a second particular embodiment of the processing circuit 10 in the case of a medium repetition frequency (MRF) radar. MRF radars are airborne Doppler radars for the detection of airborne targets. These radars have the disadvantage of being ambiguous in range and velocity. They are intended for the detection of flying targets at any altitude and for calculating the velocity and the real range.

Each of the channels 1 and 2 is followed by a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) digital operator 30 and 31 enabling the Doppler processing to be carried out. The coherent integration duration of these operators is T₀ ; the repetition period of the filtering cycles is T_(e). The successive integration cycles of channel 1 are designated C₁₁, C₁₂, C₁₃ . . . C_(1N) and the corresponding signals coming from the FFT operator are designated by S₁₁, S₁₂, S₁₃ . . . S_(1N) for a given range-velocity resolution cell, N being the number of cycles during the illumination time of the target. These signals are available at the output of operator 30 at times T_(e), 2T_(e), 3T_(e) . . . NT_(e) respectively, taking the start of the first cycle as the time origin. In the same way the successive cycles of channel 2 are designated by C₂₁, C₂₂, C₂₃, . . . C_(2N) ; the corresponding signals are designated by S₂₁, S₂₂, S₂₃, . . . S_(2N), and are also available at times T_(e), 2T_(e), 3T_(e) . . . NT_(e).

These operators 30 and 31 are consequently capable of delivering the signal corresponding to a given range and velocity quantum. The number of range quanta is equal to 1/τf_(r), τ being the duration of a pulse and f_(r) the recurrence frequency and the number of velocity quanta is equal to f_(r) T₀.

The radar functions alternately from one cycle to the next at recurrence frequencies of f_(r) and f_(r) +δf_(r). We have therefore chosen two recurrence frequencies which are very slightly different from one cycle to another. Thus the cycles in odd positions defined by the general terms C₁,2n+1 and C₂,2n+1 where n is an integer, function at f_(r) (n=0, 1, 2 . . . ##EQU23## if N is even), the cycles in even position C₁,2p and C₂,2p function at f_(r) +f_(r) (p=1,2 . . . N/2). f_(r) and f_(r) +δf_(r) are very close (δf_(r) /f_(r) in the order of 10⁻³ for example). It is only in this case that from one cycle to another the signal from a target hardly changes range-velocity unit, and therefore there are very few pairs of range-velocity units to examine (whereas in traditional MRF radars variations in f_(r) are much greater). The signals appear for example in the range quanta numbered k (even cycle) and k+2 (odd cycle) and in the velocity quantum number m. At the end of the illumination time T we therefore have, after putting into memory, pairs of elementary signals S_(1i) and S_(2i) (i=1, 2, 3 . . . N) from which we can extract the amplitudes by calculating the modulus of S_(1i) and the modulus of S_(2i) (or their squares), the phases φ_(1i) and φ_(2i) ; the phase shifts Δφ_(2n+1) and Δφ_(2p) between S_(1i) and S_(2i), obtained respectively from the odd and even cycles.

On the first channel we therefore have signals coming from an odd cycle and designated by the general term S₁,2n+1 and also signals coming from an even cycle and designated by the general term S₁,2p.

Operators 32 and 33 which are part of circuit 22 respectively produce the sums of the moduli of these signals and transmit them to an adder 34 which delivers the sum of the moduli coming from the two cycles and which are referenced S_(1i). A comparator 35 compares this signal with a first predetermined threshold level σ₁ and thus delivers a first criterion of level N1.

There is an alarm if ##EQU24##

In the same way on the second channel there appear the signals corresponding to the odd cycles and designated by the general term S₂,2n+1 and the signals corresponding to the even cycles and designated by the general term S₂,2p. Operators 36 and 37 receive these signals and calculate the moduli and respectively produce the sums of the moduli of each of them and transmit these signals to an adder 38 which delivers the sum of the moduli coming from the two positions which are referenced S_(2i). A comparator 39 receives this signal and compares it with a second predetermined threshold level σ2 and delivers a second criterion of level N2. The detection decision depends on the level criteria obtained for these two channels.

There is an alarm if ##EQU25##

Circuits 32 to 39 form the extractor 22.

In order to facilitate comprehension, let us take the following numerical example, with a receiver architecture such as represented in FIG. 3.

f_(e) =10,000 MHz, τ=0.5 μs, f_(r) =20 kHz

δf_(r) =20 Hz, Δf=1 MHz (let K=25) and

δ(Δf)=2Kδf_(r) =1,000 Hz.

Each of the channels 1 and 2 is followed by a discrete digital Fourier transform operator (FFT).

The illumination time of a target by a radar, in search phase, is T_(i) =50·10⁻³ s

The duration of coherent integration is T₀ =2·10³ s.

The repetition period of filtering cycles is T_(e) =3 ms.

The number of cycles N during the illumination time is therefore about 16 on each of the two channels: N T_(e) =T_(i)

These values correspond to the traditionally usable orders of magnitude for MRF radars.

The successive cycles of channel 1 are designated by C₁₁, C₁₂, C₁₃ . . . C_(1N) and the corresponding signals coming from the FFT operator by S₁₁, S₁₂, S₁₃ . . . S_(1N) (for a given range-velocity resolution cell).

These signals are available at times: T_(e), 2T_(e), 3T_(e) . . . NT_(e) and taking the start of the first cycle as time origin.

Also the successive cycles of channel 2 are designated by C₂₁, C₂₂, C₂₃ . . . C_(2N), the corresponding signals by S₂₁, S₂₂, S₂₃ . . . S_(2N), and are also available at times T_(e), 2T_(e), 3T_(e) . . . NT_(e).

The radar functions alternately, from one cycle to the next, at recurrence frequencies of f_(r) and f_(r) +δf_(r).

Cycles in odd positions C₁,2n+1 and C₂,2n+1 function at f_(r) (n=0, 1, 2 . . . 7), and the cycles in even positions C₁,2p and C₂,2p function at f_(r) +δf_(r) (p=1, 2 . . . 8)

At the end of time T_(i) we therefore have, after putting into memory, 2N elementary signals S_(1i) and S_(2i) (i=1, 2, 3 . . . N) from which we extract:

the amplitudes |S_(1i) | and |S_(2i) | (or their squares)

the phases φ_(1i) and φ_(2i)

the phase shifts Δφ_(2n+1) and Δφ_(2p) between S_(1i) and S_(2i), the use of which will differ depending on whether they come from the comparison of signals coming from odd or even cycles.

In the chosen case, there are therefore eight even cycles and eight odd cycles for each channel.

FIG. 11 represents a second embodiment of an extractor wherein an attempt is made to define the point in space of a target (as compared with the width of the range quantum). In order to do this circuit 23 produces, by standardized comparison of the amplitudes of the signals appearing simultaneously on the two channels without distinction between even and odd channels and after averaging over the number N of available samples, a signal S which is compared with a predetermined threshold σ3 in order to obtain a point in space criterion. We will say that there is an alarm if: ##EQU26##

Circuit 23 therefore includes in this embodiment a circuit 40 and a circuit 41 enabling the moduli of the input signals S_(1i) and S_(2i) respectively to be obtained, i varying from 0 to N. A circuit 42 carries out the operation of the standardized mean of these signals in order to obtain the signal S. A comparator 43 compares this signal S with the predetermined threshold 3.

There is alarm if: ##EQU27##

FIG. 12 represents a third embodiment of the extractor 22. This diagram shows extraction criteria other than those described with reference to FIG. 10.

On each channel 1 and 2 represented in FIG. 12, the odd and even cycles are considered separately. Two operators 50 and 51 respectively receive from channel 1 the signals coming from an odd cycle designated by the general term S₁,2n+1 and the signals coming from an even cycle designated by the general term S₁,2p. In the same way the operators 52 and 53 respectively receive from channel 2 the signals coming from an odd cycle S₂,2n+1 and signals coming from an even cycle S₂,2p. These operators enable for each group considered separately the second phase difference to be obtained, δφ which is equal to φ_(j) -2φ_(j-1) +φ_(j-2). Therefore for each group (N-2/2), there are values δ_(j) of which we take the absolute values and of which we take the mean by means of operators 54 to 59 respectively. The odd group of channel 1 gives: ##EQU28##

The even group of channel 1 gives: ##EQU29##

Similarly, the corresponding values of channel 2 are: ##EQU30##

Finally, the group mean is produced for each channel: ##EQU31## measure the mean dispersion and the phase difference between successive signals of the same channel. We thus establish a detection criterion from this measurement declaring that there is an alarm on channel 1 if δφ1 is less than α1; on channel 2 if |δφ2| is less than α2; α1 and α2 are predetermined thresholds depending on the application.

Two comparators 60 and 61 make the comparisons between the output signals of summers 56 and 59 respectively with the thresholds α1 and α2.

FIG. 13 represents a fourth embodiment of the extractor 22 for a medium recurrence frequency radar.

In this figure the circuit 23 includes an operator 70 receiving the signals S₁,2n+1 and S₂,2n+1 coming from the odd cycles from both channels 1 and 2 and an operator 71 receiving the signals S₁,2p and S₂,2p coming from the even cycles from both channels 1 and 2.

The operator 70 extracts the phase difference Δφj and carries out the second difference of the shift of this phase or phase differential Δφj between two signals coming from an odd cycle, one of which comes from channel 1 and the other from channel 2.

Operator 71 extracts the phase shift Δφq and carries out the second difference of the phase shift or phase differential Δφq between two signals coming from an even cycle, one of which comes from channel 1 and the other from channel 2.

Two operators 72 and 73 enable the calculation of the mean value over N values for each of the signals coming from operators 70 and 71 respectively. A summer 74 produces the sum of the signals coming from operators 72 and 73. This sum signal is compared with a predetermined threshold α₃ by means of a comparator 75.

Circuits 70 to 73 produce the means of the absolute values of the second differences (symbolized by δ²): ##EQU32## Where δ² (Δφ)_(j) =Δφ_(j) -2Δφ_(j-1) +Δφ_(j-2) and δ₂ (Δφ)_(q) =Δφ_(q) -2Δφ_(q-1) +Δφ_(q-2)

Operator 74 then enables the calculation of the mean value of the two groups of signals:

    |δ.sup.2 Δφ|=1/2[|δ.sup.2 (Δφ).sub.j |+|δ.sup.2 (Δφ).sub.q |]

This value measures the mean dispersion of the differential phase variation as a function of time. It is declared that there is an alarm if |δ² (Δφ)|<α₃. This circuit 22 enables the setting up of a point of origin criterion in differential frequency (difference in Doppler frequency).

FIG. 14 is an embodiment of the measuring circuit 25 measuring the non-ambiguous velocity and therefore removing velocity ambiguity. In this case the signals of the even and odd groups are considered separately.

The odd cycles enable the measurement of the differential phase variation between times (N-1)T_(e) and ##EQU33## being assumed constant during the period of observation.

The even cycles enable the measurement of the phase differential variation between times NT_(e) and 2T_(e) : ##EQU34## δ(Δf)/Δf being very small is ignored. The two values δφ₁ and δφ₂ are therefore approximately identical; we produce the mean φ_(V) of these two values, φ_(V) is therefore equal to ##EQU35##

Knowledge of φ_(V) enables the extraction by calculation of dτ₀ /dt and therefore of the estimated radial velocity ##EQU36##

If V_(a) is the space between two velocity ambiguities of the radar (V_(a) =cf_(r) /2f_(e)) and v_(a) is the ambiguous velocity given by the identification of the Doppler filter; m being a positive integer, negative integer or zero; the real velocity V can be calculated. The estimated velocity V' enables m to be determined, V is deduced from the equation:

    V=mv.sub.A +v.sub.a

The estimated value V' of the real velocity is compared with the various possible discrete values of V. A value of m will be chosen which will give the value of V closest to V'.

For this, we use for example the phase differences Δφj(j=2n+1) and Δφ_(q) (q=2p), Δφj being the phase difference between the signals S₁,2n+1 and S₂,2n+1 ; Δφj being the phase difference between the signals S₁,2p and S₂,2p. These differences are obtained for example by means of circuits 70 and 71 before producing the second difference. A delay circuit 80 delays the signals Δφj by a value equal to (N-2)T_(e).

In the same way a delay circuit 81 delays the Δφj signals by a value equal to (N-2)T_(e). A subtractor 82 produces the difference between the delayed signal Δφj and the non-delayed signal Δφj in order to obtain the phase φ_(V),j. A subtractor 83 produces the difference between the delayed signal Δφq and the non-delayed signal Δφq. An adder 84 produces the signal φV corresponding to the sum of the signals φ_(V),j and φ_(V),q. An operator 85 extracts the value of V' from signals φ_(V), Δf, T_(e) and N. An operator 86 enables the determination of the velocity unit m from V', v_(a) and V_(a) in order to obtain V.

FIG. 15 represents an example of the measuring circuit 25 measuring the range and therefore removing range ambiguity.

The phase difference between channels, measured at the end of an odd cycle is Δφ_(j) =2πΔfτ₀ (t).

The phase difference measured at the end of the next even cycle is:

    Δφ.sub.q =2π[(Δf+δ(f)][τ.sub.0 (t+T.sub.e)+δτ.sub.0 ]

In this case we take account of the term 2πΔfδτ₀ which represents the part in Δφq which is due to the variation in τ₀ during the time T_(e) ##EQU37## designating by δτ₀ the variation in the delay during T_(e) and ignoring the term 2πΔfδτ₀.

It is in fact necessary to take account of the terms 2πδ(Δf)δτ₀ so that τ₀ (t) can be calculated from (Δφ_(q) -Δφ_(j)) and δ(Δf). ##EQU38## can therefore be known from the measurement of V (and more particularly of φ_(V)).

The mean φ_(d) is produced such that: ##EQU39##

D designates the real range of the target and D_(a) designates the ambiguity in range of the radar (D_(a) =c/2f_(r)), D=kD_(a) +d_(a) ; k is a positive integer or zero, and d_(a) is the ambiguous range of the radar.

The estimated value of the real range D' resulting from the calculation of the measurement of φ_(d) is compared with the possible discrete values obtained for various values of k. The value of k will be chosen which gives the value of D which is closest to D'.

For this we use for example, the phase differences Δφj(j=2n+1) and Δφq(q=2p) obtained from the extractor circuits 70 and 71 at the differentiation operation.

The signal Δφj is delayed by a value T_(e) by a delay circuit 90. This delayed signal is deducted from the signal Δφq by a subtractor 91 to produce the signal Δφ_(q) -Δφ_(j). An operator 92 calculates the mean value φ_(d) of the N values, ##EQU40##

An operator 92 receiving the signals φ_(d), V and δ(Δf) calculates D'. An operator 94 receiving the signals D', d_(a) and D_(a) determines the range unit k and produces the real range D. 

What is claimed is:
 1. Radar apparatus for processing a received signal having a carrier frequency f₀, comprising:means for directing said received signal in parallel into first and second channels; first filter means in said first channel, for bandpass filtering said received signal, said first filter means being centered at f₁ =f₀ +Δ₁ f, said first filter means providing a first output signal having a first central frequency f₀ +Δ₁ f/2; second filter means in said second channel, for bandpass filtering said received signal, said second filter means being centered at f₂ =f₀ +Δ₂ f, said second filter means providing a second output signal having a second central frequency f₀ +Δ₂ f/2; first mixer means, coupled in said first channel to receive said first output signal, for mixing said first output signal with a signal f₁ =f₀ +Δ₁ f/2 to provide a first mixed signal S₁ ; second mixer means, coupled in said second channel to receive said second output signal, for mixing said second output signal with a signal f₂ =f₀ +Δ₂ f/2 to provide a second mixed signal S₂ ; and processing means for receiving said signals S₁ and S₂ and providing a processed output signal containing information about said received signal.
 2. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said processing means includes a Doppler processing circuit operating on the signals S₁, S₂ output from each channel, an extractor enabling a detection decision criteria to be applied, and a range and/or velocity ambiguity removing circuit.
 3. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the ambiguity removing circuit includes means for carrying out measurements of a velocity and/or range of detected targets.
 4. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the Doppler processing circuit includes a discrete Fourier transform circuit operating on said signals S₁, S₂ of the two channels, and wherein the extractor circuit includes a first operator enabling a phase shift Δφ between the two channels to be obtained and a second operator enabling a variation in said phase shift between two given times to be obtained.
 5. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said received signal corresponds to a transmission signal having trains of pulses having a recurrence frequency alternately equal to f_(r) or to f_(r) +δf_(r), and wherein said Doppler processing circuit includes a first fast Fourier Transform operator receiving the mixed signal S₁, a second Fast Fourier Transform operator receiving the mixed signal S₂ ; said Transform operators being capable of delivering for a given range-velocity quantum, signals (S₁,2n+1, S₂,2n+1) coming from an odd filtering cycle corresponding to one of the two recurrence frequencies, and for another given range-velocity quantum, signals (S₁,2p, S₂,2p) coming from an even filtering cycle corresponding to the other recurrence frequency.
 6. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said extractor circuit includes:first and second operators capable of respectively producing a sum of the moduli of one of said signals S₁, S₂ and coming from odd and even filtering cycles; a first adder producing a sum of the moduli coming from the two cycles; third and fourth operators capable of respectively producing a sum of the moduli of the other one of said signals S₁, S₂ and coming from odd and even filtering cycles; a second adder producing a sum of the moduli coming from the two cycles; and a compressor coupled at an output of each summer enabling, each from two predetermined thresholds (σ₁, σ₂), the provision of a detection decision criterion for each of the channels.
 7. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said extractor circuit includes a first operator capable of obtaining a modulus of one of the signals S₁, S₂ from one of the two channels irrespective of filtering cycles; a second operator capable of obtaining modulus of signals from the other signal S₁, S₂ from the other channel irrespective of filtering cycles; a third operator capable of producing a standardized two channels taken over a number N of signals coming from the first and second operators; and a comparator enabling, from a predetermined detection threshold (σ₃), a detection decision criterion for the two channels to be applied.
 8. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said extractor circuit includes first and second operators receiving the mixed signal coming from one of the two channels at odd and even filtering cycles and capable of extracting a first phase variation between two given times; third and fourth operators capable of producing a mean of an absolute value of said first phase variation for each cycle; a first adder providing a sum of the means of each cycle; fifth and sixth operators respectively receiving the mixed signal coming from the other channel at odd and even filtering cycles and capable of extracting a second phase variation between two given times; seventh and eighth operators capable of producing a mean of an absolute value of the second phase variation for each cycle; a second adder producing the sum of the means of each cycle; and a comparator connected to the output of each adder providing, from a detection threshold (α₁, α₂), a detection criterion for each channel.
 9. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said extractor circuit includes a first operator receiving the signals S₁, S₂ from the two channels at even filtering cycles and producing, a first difference in phase shift between the two channels; a second operator producing a mean over all output signals of the first operator; a third operator receiving signals S₁, S₂ from the two channels at odd filtering cycles and producing a second difference in phase shift between the two channels; a fourth operator producing a mean over all output signals of the third operator; a summer producing a sum of the means; and a comparator connected to an output of the summer for providing, from a detection threshold (α₃), a detection criterion for the two channels.
 10. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the ambiguity removing circuit includes a velocity measuring circuit including a first delay circuit followed by a first subtractor; a second delay circuit followed by a second subtractor; the first and second subtractors being coupled to an adder, which is followed by an operator enabling the extraction of an estimated value of the velocity, said operator being followed by a velocity unit enabling the determination of a real velocity.
 11. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the ambiguity removing circuit includes a range measuring circuit including a delay circuit, followed by a subtractor, followed by an operator enabling the production of a mean over a number N of values obtained at an output of the subtractor; said operator being followed by a calculating circuit enabling an estimated value of the range to be obtained, the calculating circuit being followed by a range device enabling the determination of a real range.
 12. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said received signal is an intermediate frequency signal, and wherein said first and second filter means each include means for filtering with the same passband.
 13. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said first and second central frequencies are respectively carrier frequencies for said first and second channels, and wherein said first and second mixers include means for removing said carrier frequencies from said first and second output signals.
 14. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said first and second filter means include means for spacing said first and second central frequencies at a distance 1/2τ from said frequency f₀, wherein τ is a duration of a transmitted pulse.
 15. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said first and second filter means each include means for filtering the same passband, said passband including said received signal carrier frequency f₀.
 16. Radar apparatus for processing a received signal having a carrier frequency f₀, comprising:means for directing said received signal in parallel into first and second channels; first mixer means, coupled in said first channel, for carrying out a frequency transposition of value Δ₁ f of said received signal; second mixer means, coupled in said second channel, for carrying out a frequency transposition of value Δ₂ f of said received signal; first filter means coupled in said first channel and receiving an output of said first mixer means, for providing a first output signal having a first central frequency f₀ +Δ₁ f/2, said first filter means being matched at frequency f₀ ; second filter means, coupled in said second channel and receiving an output from said second mixer means, for producing a second output signal having a second central frequency f₀ +Δ₂ f/2, said second filter means being matched at said frequency f₀ ; third mixer means, coupled in said first channel and receiving an output from said first filter means, for mixing said first output signal with a signal of frequency f₁ =f₀ +Δ₁ f/2 to provide a first mixed signal S₁ ; fourth mixer means, coupled in said second channel and receiving an output from said second filter means, for mixing said second output signal with a signal of frequency f₂ =f₀ +Δ₂ f/2 to provide a second mixed signal S₂ ; and processing means for receiving said signals S₁ and S₂ and providing a processed output signal containing information about said received signal.
 17. Apparatus according to claim 16 wherein said first mixer means includes means for frequency transposing said received signal by Δ₁ f, where Δ₁ f is equal to -Δ₁ f, and wherein said second mixer means includes means for frequency transposing said received signal by Δ₂ f, where Δ₂ f is equal to +Δ₁ f.
 18. Apparatus according to claim 16 wherein said first and second mixer means include means to remove carrier frequencies f₁ and f₂ from said received signal.
 19. Apparatus according to claim 16 wherein each of said first and second filter means include means for passband filtering said received signal, said passband being approximately 1/τ, wherein τ is a duration of a transmitted pulse.
 20. Apparatus according to claim 16 wherein said first and second mixer means include means for separating said frequency f₁ from said frequency f₂ by an amount equal to approximately 1/4τ, wherein τ is a duration of a transmitted pulse. 